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The flora and fauna of Ladakh was first studied by Ferdinand Stoliczka, an Austrian/Czech palaeontologist, who carried out a massive expedition in the region in the 1870s. The fauna of Ladakh have much in common with that of Central Asia generally, and especially those of the Tibetan Plateau. An exception to this are the birds, many of which migrate from the warmer parts of India to spend the summer in Ladakh. For such an arid area, Ladakh has a great diversity of birds — a total of 225 species have been recorded. Many of these birds reside or breed at high-altitude wetlands such as Tso Moriri. ==Birds== Many species of finches, robins, redstarts (like the black redstart) and the hoopoe are common in summer. The brown-headed gull is seen in summer on the river Indus, and on some lakes of the Changthang. Resident water-birds include the brahminy duck also known as the ruddy sheldrake, and the bar-headed goose (Ladakhi: ''ngangpa''). The black-necked crane (''trhung-trhung'') is a rare species found scattered in the Tibetan plateau, and is also found nesting in summer in parts of Ladakh. Other birds include the raven, red-billed chough (''chungka''), Tibetan snowcock and chukar (a partridge, ''srakpa'').〔Namgail, T. (2005). Winter birds of the Gya-Miru Wildlife Sanctuary, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Indian Birds, 1: 26-28.〕 The lammergeier and the golden eagle are common raptors here. A list of the bird species recorded is as follows: *Snow partridge (''Lerwa lerwa'') *Tibetan snowcock (''Tetraogallus tibetanus'') *Himalayan snowcock (''Tetraogallus himalayensis'') *Chukar partridge (''Alectoris chukar'') *Tibetan partridge (''Perdix hodgsoniae'') *Common quail (''Coturnix coturnix'') *Rain quail (''Coturnix coromandelica'') *Greylag goose (''Anser anser'') *Bar-headed goose (''Anser indicus'') *Brahminy shelduck (''Tadorna ferruginea'') *Gadwall (''Anas strepera'') *Eurasian wigeon (''Anas penelope'') *Mallard (''Anas platyrhynchos'') *Northern shoveller (''Anas clypeata'') *Garganey (''Anas querquedula'') *Common teal (''Anas crecca'') *Red-crested pochard (''Rhodonessa rufina'') *Common pochard (''Aythya ferina'') *Ferruginous pochard (''Aythya nyroca'') *Tufted pochard (''Aythya fuligula'') *Common merganser (''Mergus merganser'') *Eurasian wryneck (''Jynx torquilla'') *Large scaly-bellied green woodpecker (''Picus squamatus'') *Common hoopoe (''Upupa epops'') *European roller (''Coracias garrulus'') *Indian roller (''Coracias benghalensis'') *Small blue kingfisher (''Alcedo atthis'') *Blue-cheeked bee-eater (''Merops persicus'') *European bee-eater (''Merops apiaster'') *Pied crested cuckoo (''Clamator jacobinus'') *Common cuckoo (''Cuculus canorus'') *Asian koel (''Eudynamys scolopacea'') *Alpine swift (''Tachymarptis melba'') *Common swift (''Apus apus'') *Pacific swift (''Apus pacificus'') *House swift (''Apus affinis'') *Pallid scops owl (''Otus brucei'') *Eurasian eagle owl (''Bubo bubo'') *Little owl (''Athene noctua'') *Long-eared owl (''Asio otus'') *Short-eared owl (''Asio flammeus'') *European nightjar (''Caprimulgus europaeus'') *Blue rock pigeon (''Columba livia'') *Hill pigeon (''Columba rupestris'') *Snow pigeon (''Columba leuconota'') *Eastern stock pigeon (''Columba eversmanni'') *European turtle dove (''Streptopelia turtur'') *Oriental turtle dove (''Streptopelia orientalis'') *Little brown dove (''Streptopelia senegalensis'') *Spotted dove (''Streptopelia chinensis'') *Red collared dove (''Streptopelia tranquebarica'') *Eurasian collared dove (''Streptopelia decaocto'') *Siberian crane (''Grus leucogeranus'') *Demoiselle crane (''Grus virgo'') *Black-necked crane (''Grus nigricollis'') *Water rail (''Rallus aquaticus'') *Corn crake (''Crex crex'') *Baillon's crake (''Porzana pusilla'') *Spotted crake (''Porzana porzana'') *Common moorhen (''Gallinula chloropus'') *Common coot (''Fulica atra'') *Tibetan sandgrouse (''Syrrhaptes tibetanus'') *Solitary snipe (''Gallinago solitaria'') *Pintail snipe (''Gallinago stenura'') *Common snipe (''Gallinago gallinago'') *Black-tailed godwit (''Limosa limosa'') *Whimbrel (''Numenius phaeopus'') *Eurasian curlew (''Numenius arquata'') *Common redshank (''Tringa totanus'') *Marsh sandpiper (''Tringa stagnatilis'') *Common greenshank (''Tringa nebularia'') *Green sandpiper (''Tringa ochropus'') *Wood sandpiper (''Tringa glareola'') *Terek sandpiper (''Xenus cinereus'') *Common sandpiper (''Actitis hypoleucos'') *Little stint (''Calidris minuta'') *Temminck's stint (''Calidris temminckii'') *Dunlin (''Calidris alpina'') *Ruddy turnstone (''Arenaria interpres'') *Curlew sandpiper (''Calidris ferruginea'') *Ruff (''Philomachus pugnax'') *Red-necked phalarope (''Phalaropus lobatus'') *Pheasant-tailed jacana (''Hydrophasianus chirurgus'') *Ibisbill (''Ibidorhyncha struthersii'') *Black-winged stilt (''Himantopus himantopus'') *Pied avocet (''Recurvirostra avosetta'') *Pacific golden plover (''Pluvialis fulva'') *Grey plover (''Pluvialis squatarola'') *Common ringed plover (''Charadrius hiaticula'') *Little ringed plover (''Charadrius dubius'') *Kentish plover (''Charadrius alexandrinus'') *Lesser sand plover (''Charadrius mongolus'') *Northern lapwing (''Vanellus vanellus'') *Collared pratincole (''Glareola pratincola'') *Parasitic jaeger (''Stercorarius parasiticus'') *Pallas's gull (''Larus ichthyaetus'') *Brown-headed gull (''Larus brunnicephalus'') *Black-headed gull (''Larus ridibundus'') *Little gull (''Larus minutus'') *Gull-billed tern (''Gelochelidon nilotica'') *Common tern (''Sterna hirundo'') *Arctic tern (''Sterna paradisaea'') *Little tern (''Sterna albifrons'') *Whiskered tern (''Chlidonias hybridus'') *White-winged black tern (''Chlidonias leucopterus'') *Osprey (''Pandion haliaetus'') *Oriental honey-buzzard (''Pernis ptilorhynchus'') *Black-shouldered kite (''Elanus caeruleus'') *Black kite (''Milvus migrans'') *Pallas's fish-eagle (''Haliaeetus leucoryphus'') *Bearded vulture (''Gypaetus barbatus'') *Egyptian vulture (''Neophron percnopterus'') *Himalayan griffon (''Gyps himalayensis'') *Cinereous vulture (''Aegypius monachus'') *Short-toed snake eagle (''Circaetus gallicus'') *Western marsh harrier (''Circus aeruginosus'') *Hen harrier (''Circus cyaneus'') *Pallid harrier (''Circus macrourus'') *Montagu's harrier (''Circus pygargus'') *Eurasian sparrowhawk (''Accipiter nisus'') *Northern goshawk (''Accipiter gentilis'') *Long-legged buzzard (''Buteo rufinus'') *Upland buzzard (''Buteo hemilasius'') *Lesser spotted eagle (''Aquila pomarina'') *Greater spotted eagle (''Aquila clanga'') *Steppe eagle (''Aquila nipalensis'') *Golden eagle (''Aquila chrysaetos'') *Common kestrel (''Falco tinnunculus'') *Merlin (''Falco columbarius'') *Eurasian hobby (''Falco subbuteo'') *Saker falcon (''Falco cherrug'') *Peregrine falcon (''Falco peregrinus'') *Little grebe (''Tachybaptus ruficollis'') *Great crested grebe (''Podiceps cristatus'') *Little egret (''Egretta garzetta'') *Grey heron (''Ardea cinerea'') *Cattle egret (''Bubulcus ibis'') *Little bittern (''Ixobrychus minutus'') *Great bittern (''Botaurus stellaris'') *Rufous-backed shrike (''Lanius schach'') *Southern grey shrike (''Lanius meridionalis'') *Black-billed magpie (''Pica pica'') *Hume's groundpecker (''Pseudopodoces humilis'') *Red-billed chough (''Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax'') *Yellow-billed chough (''Pyrrhocorax graculus'') *Eurasian jackdaw (''Corvus monedula'') *Carrion crow (''Corvus corone'') *Common raven (''Corvus corax'') *Black drongo (''Dicrurus macrocercus'') *White-throated dipper (''Cinclus cinclus'') *Brown dipper (''Cinclus pallasii'') *Rufous-tailed rock thrush (''Monticola saxatilis'') *Blue whistling thrush (''Myiophonus caeruleus'') *Eurasian blackbird (''Turdus merula'') *Dark-throated thrush (''Turdus ruficollis'') *Dusky thrush (''Turdus naumanni'') *Sooty flycatcher (''Muscicapa sibirica'') *Asian brown flycatcher (''Muscicapa dauurica'') *Rusty-tailed flycatcher (''Muscicapa ruficauda'') *Red-throated flycatcher (''Ficedula parva'') *Himalayan rubythroat (''Luscinia pectoralis'') *Bluethroat (''Luscinia svecica'') *Rufous-tailed scrub robin (''Cercotrichas galactotes'') *Eversmann's redstart (''Phoenicurus erythronotus'') *Blue-capped redstart (''Phoenicurus caeruleocephalus'') *Guldenstadt's redstart (''Phoenicurus erythrogaster'') *Blue-fronted redstart (''Phoenicurus frontalis'') *White-capped redstart (''Chaimarrornis leucocephalus'') *Little forktail (''Enicurus scouleri'') *Hume's wheatear (''Oenanthe alboniger'') *Variable wheatear (''Oenanthe picata'') *Pied wheatear (''Oenanthe pleschanka'') *Desert wheatear (''Oenanthe deserti'') *Isabelline wheatear (''Oenanthe isabellina'') *Brahminy starling (''Sturnus pagodarum'') *Rosy starling (''Sturnus roseus'') *Wallcreeper (''Tichodroma muraria'') *Bar-tailed treecreeper (''Certhia himalayana'') *Winter wren (''Troglodytes troglodytes'') *Eurasian penduline tit (''Remiz pendulinus'') *Fire-capped tit (''Cephalopyrus flammiceps'') *Simla crested tit (''Parus rufonuchalis'') *Great tit (''Parus major'') *Green-backed tit (''Parus monticolus'') *Yellow-browed tit (''Sylviparus modestus'') *Plain martin (''Riparia paludicola'') *Eurasian crag martin (''Hirundo rupestris'') *Common swallow (''Hirundo rustica'') *Red-rumped swallow (''Hirundo daurica'') *Northern house martin (''Delichon urbica'') *Goldcrest (''Regulus regulus'') *Stoliczka's tit-warbler (''Leptopoecile sophiae'') *Common chiffchaff (''Phylloscopus collybita'') *Mountain chiffchaff (''Phylloscopus sindianus'') *Plain leaf-warbler (''Phylloscopus neglectus'') *Tickell's leaf-warbler (''Phylloscopus affinis'') *Greenish leaf-warbler (''Phylloscopus trochiloides'') *Large-billed leaf-warbler (''Phylloscopus magnirostris'') *Tytler's leaf-warbler (''Phylloscopus tytleri'') *Streaked laughingthrush (''Garrulax lineatus'') *Variegated laughingthrush (''Garrulax variegatus'') *Garden warbler (''Sylvia borin'') *Greater whitethroat (''Sylvia communis'') *Eastern calandra-lark (''Melanocorypha bimaculata'') *Long-billed calandra-lark (''Melanocorypha maxima'') *Greater short-toed lark (''Calandrella brachydactyla'') *Hume's short-toed lark (''Calandrella acutirostris'') *Asian short-toed lark (''Calandrella cheleensis'') *Horned lark (''Eremophila alpestris'') *House sparrow (''Passer domesticus'') *Spanish sparrow (''Passer hispaniolensis'') *Tibetan snowfinch (''Montifringilla adamsi'') *Mandelli's snowfinch (''Pyrgilauda taczanowskii'') *Plain-backed snowfinch (''Pyrgilauda blanfordi'') *Forest wagtail (''Dendronanthus indicus'') *White wagtail (''Motacilla alba'') *Large pied wagtail (''Motacilla maderaspatensis'') *Yellow wagtail (''Motacilla flava'') *Grey wagtail (''Motacilla cinerea'') *Red-throated pipit (''Anthus cervinus'') *Rosy pipit (''Anthus roseatus'') *Alpine accentor (''Prunella collaris'') *Altai accentor (''Prunella himalayana'') *Robin accentor (''Prunella rubeculoides'') *Siberian accentor (''Prunella montanella'') *Brown accentor (''Prunella fulvescens'') *Black-throated accentor (''Prunella atrogularis'') *Brambling (''Fringilla montifringilla'') *Fire-fronted serin (''Serinus pusillus'') *Twite (''Carduelis flavirostris'') *Eurasian linnet (''Carduelis cannabina'') *Hodgson's mountain finch (''Leucosticte nemoricola'') *Black-headed mountain finch (''Leucosticte brandti'') *Black-headed mountain finch (''Leucosticte brandti'') *Crimson-winged finch (''Rhodopechys sanguinea'') *Mongolian finch (''Bucanetes mongolicus'') *Common rosefinch (''Carpodacus erythrinus'') *White-browed rosefinch (''Carpodacus thura'') *Red-mantled rosefinch (''Carpodacus rhodochlamys'') *Streaked great rosefinch (''Carpodacus rubicilloides'') *Common great rosefinch (''Carpodacus rubicilla'') *Red-fronted rosefinch (''Carpodacus puniceus'') *Pine bunting (''Emberiza leucocephalus'') *Rock bunting (''Emberiza cia'') *Grey-necked bunting (''Emberiza buchanani'') *Ortolan bunting (''Emberiza hortulana'') *Little bunting (''Emberiza pusilla'') *Little bunting (''Emberiza pusilla'') *Chestnut bunting (''Emberiza rutila'') *Red-headed bunting (''Emberiza bruniceps'') *Reed bunting (''Emberiza schoeniclus'') 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wildlife of Ladakh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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